Degree Date

5-2025

Document Type

Dissertation - Public Access

Degree Name

Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy

Academic Discipline

Counselor Education and Supervision

First Advisor

Tremaine N. Leslie, PhD.

Second Advisor

Laura M. Schmuldt, PhD.

Abstract

As multiracial and multicultural families continue to grow across the United States, parents must navigate evolving cultural identities, systemic inequities, and increasing social and emotional pressures. These realities underscore the need for parenting resources that are both culturally responsive and emotionally supportive. This transcendental phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of 11 cross-cultural parents raising children in the U.S., with a focus on how intersecting identities and systemic forces shape parenting practices.

Guided by Critical Multiracial Theory and Intersectionality Theory, this study investigated parenting at the personal, familial, societal, and structural levels. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Five core themes emerged: (1) Personal identity, values, and beliefs; (2) Family roles, cultures, and expectations; (3) Societal perception and racial judgment; (4) Emotional adaptation, resilience, and well-being; and (5) Parenting support, education, and resources.

Findings reveal that parenting across cultures is not merely a transfer of values but a dynamic, emotionally transformative journey. Parents described balancing multiple cultural influences, re-evaluating inherited beliefs, and engaging in self-reparenting to promote their children’s and their own wellness. Participants emphasized a shift away from performance-based parenting toward models centered on connection, resilience, and growth.

This study offers a relational growth model of cross-cultural parenting and contributes new insights to the fields of counseling, education, and public health. Implications include integrating parenting education into counselor training, advancing policy that affirms family diversity, and developing resources that reflect the lived realities of multicultural families.

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