Degree Date

9-2025

Document Type

Thesis- Public Access

Degree Name

M.A. Master of Arts

Academic Discipline

Human Lactation Studies

First Advisor

Mary Miller

Second Advisor

Linda Smith

Abstract

This integrative review examines the long-term effects of combined oral contraceptive (COC) use beginning in puberty on brain development, breast tissue composition, and future breastfeeding outcomes. Puberty is a critical developmental stage during which hormonal changes significantly impact the neurological and reproductive systems. The introduction of synthetic estrogen and progestin through COC use during this time may disrupt natural hormonal pathways, potentially altering neuroendocrine signaling and breast tissue maturation. Such changes may have lasting consequences, including impaired milk production, a weakened milk ejection reflex, disrupted maternal-infant bonding, and reduced overall breastfeeding success. The review synthesizes findings from endocrinology, neuroscience, and lactation science to suggest that early, prolonged COC use may interfere with the biological processes essential for lactation. These findings further highlight the importance of individualized care, encouraging medical providers to carefully evaluate whether COCs are appropriate for each patient, especially adolescents, and to consider alternative contraceptive methods that may pose fewer long-term developmental risks.

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